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Why Do No Two Persons Have Similar Behaviors? ( Part 1 )
” Through three cognitive devices that go about their enterprise in various ways, three culprits are involved in the mystery, is my answer. These three is collectively address the hows, how, whens, and wheres of temperament advancement.
Judith Rich Harris
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Developing into a Individual
What causes us to be thus similar and yet so distinct? us? What distinguishes someone who is available, fair, and enthused from someone who is ornery and judgmental? Why do some people enjoy taking risks while others do not?
The ”nature and cultivate” discussion is likely as old as current society. Something about our consciousnesses makes us wonder whether our temperament is predetermined or whether our parents, peers, tradition, society, or experiences are the deciding factors.
We however wonder, but cheers to Darwin and the subsequent works, we no longer own to assume as much as we after did. The current investigation of behavioural biology has shown us that the answer is, firmly, both. Our chromosomes are extremely important in how we develop into full-grown adults and children, and the proof is obvious.
Strangely enough, we can see from meticulous exploration that about quarter of persona variability may get explained evolutionarily. This scares no a. When two parallel twins have equivalent characteristics, their characteristics did become comparable.
What’s surprising is how completely unique parallel sisters are! Think about it: They share all of their biology, they definitely grew up in the same house with the same set of parents, with the same publications on the roof and the same Telly viewing practices, went to the same universities at the same time, had comparable groups of friends …and but two absolutely individual characteristics emerge. How?
The Nurture Notion
Judith Rich Harris may have the best answer, and it’s in her book No Two Alike, an amazing contribution to modern thought. What really drives the differences? What Harris – a former author of child development textbooks turned super-synthesizing social scientist – wanted to know was: Why do we all turn out with unique personalities?
She had begun to answer this in her deeply controversial 1998 book The Nurture Notion. By socialized, we mean – how do children learn the way to behave and operate within their culture? The idea that parents had the primary influence had become fashionable in the 20th century Western world, thanks to Freud. That book proposed her group socialization theory, the idea that children are mostly socialized by their peers, not their parents. How to speak the right way, act the right way, play the right way, say the right things, and so on?
However, Harris asserted that years of research demonstrated that indistinguishable sisters were no more or less similar than their biological link may suggest, whether indistinguishable relatives were raised by the same set of parents or by two different sets. Furthermore, two sisters put up for adoption ending up no less equally, on average, than if they’d been raised in the same apartment. The reason why identical twins are more similar than regular siblings in general is extremely straightforward: They share more genes!
As Harris explained, this meant that unlike Chinese parents who raise their child in Minnesota who has a Chinese accent, parenting doesn’t have an impact on adult personality that isn’t already explained by genetic factors. Before behavioral genetics showed the genetic component, the two were regularly confounded, making much of the ”research” on development worthless. Although it may seem obscure at first, many traits we believe are related to parenting are simply a result of the genetic variation between the parents and the children.
Beyond genetics, what else has an impact is the peer group and culture of the child. And so besides genetics, it is the group, neighborhood, social group, and subculture of the child that matters, not whether their parents were kind or scolding, attentive or inattentive, soft or hard, or any other style of parent. Although parents can have indirect influence in a variety of ways, the most obvious being by introducing the child to new cultures and places. Harris demonstrated that, as difficult as it is to believe, people do not rely on direct input from their parents to become successful adults. Just like the child of Chinese immigrants would take on the Minnesota accent, they’d also take on the social behavior of their peers as well.
Charlie Munger claimed that Ms. Harris ”has not lived in vain” in response to this revelation, investigation into human development, and the debunking of what Harris called the” Nurture Assumption” that parents can influence their children’s personalities.
But that still raised a significant question: Given that group socialization tends to make people more similar to others in their chosen social group, why do identical twins hang in the same social circle and exhibit personality differences? Why are some more law-abiding and some less so? How do we come to be surrounded by a group of” conforming individualists,” as Harris affectionately refers to us? Why do some people have faith, while others don’t? Why are some friendly and some mean?
A story Harris tells about a pair of identical twins as an illustration of the difficulty in figuring out the answer:
Conrad and Perry McKinney, both 57, were featured in the Boston Globe article titled” Two Lives, Two Paths” Born and reared in New Hampshire, the twins did everything together in their earlier years. The twins were eventually separated because their teachers eventually got fed up with their behavior: Conrad was promoted to sixth grade, Perry was held back in fifth grade, and Conrad was promoted to sixth. They were in the same classrooms and attended the same schools. Today, Conrad is a successful businessman-as it happens, he runs a private detective agency. By the Piscataqua River in New Hampshire, Perry is a homeless alcoholic who” sleeps amid trash under a bridge.” That is where their paths diverged, according to the Globe reporter. Conrad went on to graduate from high school, Perry dropped out in eleventh grade. They were, in theory, average students, but they were troublemakers.
Small, often unintended changes in circumstances can have dramatic effects on a person’s life, making many experiments completely unethical. We can’t just sort out twins and send some of them to the ghetto and some to Palo Alto and see what happens- we’re reliant on what we can observe in natural experiments.
In No Two Alike, Harris uses a variety of sources to gather data, including information on developmental psychology, evolutionary psychology, cognitive science, and genetics, while disseminating several well-known red herrings in search of a plausible explanation for how human personality develops. The theory she lands on appears not only plausible but also probable by elimination and investigation.
The Modular Mind
The idea that the mind is composed of specific, useful mechanisms to perform a variety of functions, all of which were created through a long process of natural selection, is what modern evolutionary psychologists have come to refer to as the ”modular mind.” ( For instance, ants can certainly see and taste, even in crude language, but they are unable to speak or learn non-programmed language. ) Our mental tools allow us to see, hear, taste, feel, learn, speak, and do lots of other things that we need to survive and thrive. Some of these are present in other species, while others are not: It depends on how developed they are.
From the perspective of human personality development, Harris sees it differently than it does. Our modular minds have at least three separate but interrelated systems, working at turns separately and together to produce social success- one of the prime goals of a human being. We are, after all, a very social species.
This is so crucial in one passage, to illustrate:
” Why\ We as people need to know that not only do girls at school tend to be cruel if we don’t wearing make-up, hotpussy.pics but that Sally likely also declare anything especially great and that Jane did suggest anything particularly unpleasant. The intellectual model that distinguishes ”girls our years at institution” from the one that comprehends the distinctions between Jane and Sally is different.
Our ability to recognize eyes, tones, and fragrance, as well as our ability to know what’s a common experience is when someone we know, as well as our ability to give people and things certain labels and remember them, and plenty more.
Harris uses a Rolodex metaphor:
There are literally thousands and thousands of people-information psychological store webpages. Create a mental dictionary with a webpage for each person you know, space for their label, face, and near relative, as well as information about their occupation and memories of the interactions you’ve had with them. Each of the individuals we are connected to has knowledge about that entity in its own right.
An emotive indicator that reflects your feelings toward this person might also be present. Some games properly get difficult to read, while others may never have been filled in. People you’ve never met might include a phrase for you in their dictionary! You gather and keep details about figures you read about in books or learn about from different individuals. Actually if you’ve not opened your eyes or hearing to the person you’re referring to, a site may be set up in the dictionary.
This ”lexicon” of knowledge, which is regularly updated, provides what we need to know about how to deal with specific individuals and how to connect with them. We simply do it instantly because we don’t need to be motivated to do this for a certain explanation. Although we generally and describe citizens we don’t hear, we start filling in information and creating a section in the dictionary once we do ( perhaps from a distance ).
The people lexicon’s adaptive objective is just as explicit as the pair-bonding’s adaptive purpose: to permit us to act properly toward various people, based on what we have learned about them. Even if the person is the correct age and sex, the child raises its wings to its mummy but not to the man. To allow us to adapt our actions to the nature of the connection we have with each. Individuals prevent doing benefits for those who always receive them, unless they are near friends. The child is taught to look for other kids in the neighborhood rather than the troublemaker.
[…]
The partnership technique also has a number of beautifully linked components. There are regulatory procedures that use the information contained in the vocabulary to guide behavior in various cultural existence regions and that use their own motivations, the sexual generate being an obvious illustration. It is very helpful to know what someone else’s objectives are and what they are thinking about you whatever you are thinking about doing with them, whether you are helping them, finding a partner with them, trading with them, or starting a struggle with them. The face-recognition package, a unit that determines brotherhood, and the telepathy mechanisms I described in the previous chapter are just a few examples of the other specialised modules that the relationship system receives. A people-information-acquisition machine is used to create and store a dictionary of individuals and provide the inspiration to gather the information.
And so it ends. Our dictionary is ready to come, willing to get filled in right away. We spend a career hustling, studying, thinking, interacting, and watching some thus that we can form lasting connections with them.
However, we also start putting categories together pretty earlier, based on a thorough research of our vocabulary. We begin categorizing people into groups, such as individuals, kids, youth, ladies, boys, teachers, students, and a million others, depending on the situation. Interestingly, we likewise begin to define ourselves, which is when the socializing process takes place.
The Socialization System
Why do kids ”hive off” into parties and try to stand out from different parties? The typical high school groups are not uncommon anywhere in the world; they may have different ages and interests, but all young ( and old ) people can form one or another if given the chance. The youngster is socialized during this clustering operation:
In the old days, a human’s life, too, depended on remaining a member of the group. But because human groups differ in culture, the behaviors necessary for group membership couldn’t all be built in-much had to be learned. This is the process that developmentalists call ”socialization.” It consists of acquiring the social behaviors, customs, language, accent, attitudes, and morals deemed appropriate in a particular society. The baby’s Job 2, therefore, is to learn how to behave in a way that is acceptable to the other members of his or her society.
Children become more similar in behavior to those of their own age and gender as a result of socialization. Even in the kinds of things that are measured on personality tests, there is proof that children become more similar. They do not all have to do with language and customs in order to become more similar. Socialization cannot therefore solve the main mystery in this book: why people, even identical twins raised together, have different personalities and social behaviors. However, socialization is a crucial component of the solution because, according to one of my explanations, children grow up both more and less alike.
As a child ages, they must undergo this process to prepare for adulthood outside of the home. The children must also learn what is acceptable in the organizations they belong to, which they will be a part of. All of these require a few different types of actions and behaviors. So we begin categorizing Texas ’ young boy into three categories: menoriyasquare.com boys, boys, men, students, employees, Americans, Southerners, athletes, children, and children, among others.
The child must first identify the social categories that are present in their society. Traditional societies frequently establish rites of passage to narrow the age gap, but industrialized societies do so without them. People’s categories have ambiguous boundaries, just like fish and chairs. The blurring of the line between male and female is something we haven’t gotten used to yet. A seahorse is a fish, right? Is this a boy or a man, exactly? A three-legged stool is it a chair? This task is comparable to learning other kinds of categories, such as chairs and fish.
Although fuzzy mental categories tend to be hazy around the edges, they are clear at the center, which is an interesting feature. The typical chair has a seat, a back, and four legs. When I say ”bird,” you don’t think of an ostrich or vulture but rather a robin or a sparrow. You don’t think of an eighteen- or eighty-year-old when I say ”man,” and you probably don’t picture him wearing a dress. We have a representation of what the ideal or typical person in each category should look like, and it falls somewhere in the middle.
We create all different kinds of implicit knowledge about the world, and we do it naturally and without any prior thought. At first, we might consider her to be a” White, middle-aged woman who looks like a mother.” Again, not intentionally; it occurs instantly and automatically. All we can do is categorize someone until we actually have a sheet set up in the lexicon for them. Let’s say we meet a woman named Susan. Although stereotyping is unpopular, we categorize people in the same way we categorize chairs and birds. The two systems begin interacting once we do start to learn more about them specifically.
However, once we go on a date with her, Susan transforms from being just a member of a group to being Susan. The two systems occasionally conflict. ( I don’t typically like white middle-aged women, but Susan is ). And even though we don’t remove the categories right away, we let her become a part of our perceptions, dominating them as the years go on.
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Let’s leave it alone for the moment. We’ll look at the rest of Harris ’ theory in Part 2 and connect it all together to try to understand the mystery of human personality.
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